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MOLECULE

2,3-butanedione

Also named diacetyl in SmellBook’s evidence.

Named in 4 VERIFIED claims about 4 Atlas entries: Fresh Bread, Wood Smoke, Butter, Vinegar.

Where the evidence names it

Fresh Bread

Key odorant · the claim says “primary odorants of wheat bread crust”

A review of bread aroma chemistry reports 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, (E)-2-nonenal, 3-methylbutanal, 2,3-butanedione, methional and (Z)-2-nonenal as primary odorants of wheat bread crust, with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline suggested as the key crust odorant behind its cracker-like note; the crumb has a different set, and these odorants are generated mainly during baking.

Scope: Wheat bread; crust and crumb differ, and odorants depend on ingredients, fermentation and baking. CLM-BREAD-001 ↗

Wood Smoke

Reported volatile · the claim says “alongside compounds such as”

A gas chromatography–olfactometry study of condensed mixed-hardwood smoke found phenolic compounds such as guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol and 4-methylsyringol among its most potent odorants, alongside compounds such as 2,3-butanedione.

Scope: Supports the odorants of one condensed hardwood smoke studied for food smoking; open fires, other woods and burning conditions can differ. CLM-WOODSMOKE-001 ↗

Butter

Key odorant · the claim says “the key odorants of sour cream butter”

A review of aroma studies reports that sweet cream butter is characterised by lactones and sulfur compounds, while the key odorants of sour cream butter are diacetyl, butanoic acid and δ-decalactone, formed mainly by lactic acid bacteria.

Scope: Key odorants differ between sweet cream, sour cream and heated butter and butter oil. CLM-BUTTER-001 ↗

Vinegar

Key odorant · the claim says “contribute importantly to the aroma”

Recombination and omission experiments showed seven compounds contribute importantly to the aroma of an aged Chinese cereal vinegar: 2,3-butanedione, acetic acid, 2-methylpropanal, sotolon, 2,4,5-trimethyloxazole, 3-methylbutanoic acid and tetramethylpyrazine.

Scope: One traditional aged cereal vinegar; fruit, wine and distilled vinegars differ. CLM-VINEGAR-001 ↗

Identifiers

PubChem
CID 650 (Butanedione)
Formula
C4H6O2
InChIKey
QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Wikidata
Q408916
ChEBI
CHEBI:16583

Checked against PubChem and Wikidata on 2026-10-02 (identifier check run 37063263965). Every name SmellBook uses must resolve to the same single PubChem compound.

WHAT THIS MEANS

SmellBook lists a molecule only where a VERIFIED claim names it, in the role and scope that claim states. A molecule reported in a smell's evidence is not the whole smell: most smells come from many compounds together, and the studies measured particular samples, such as one cultivar, an essential oil or a cooked product.

Permanent identifier smellbook:molecule:2-3-butanedione · Graph record (JSON)

Cite as SmellBook. (2026). 2,3-butanedione (molecule). SmellBook knowledge graph, Strategy Phase 369. smellbook:molecule:2-3-butanedione. https://smellbook.com/molecules/2-3-butanedione

Dataset history In the SmellBook dataset since Strategy Phase 369.